Barriers to Effective Communication Essay

As we all know, Criminal Justice has two main types of communication which are Verbal and Nonverbal. Each of these are subsets or components in the communication area. These components help us to breakdown ideas of communication for a better understanding. For the verbal communication, there is a cluster with four different areas which include: Blaming, Directing, Persuading and Problem Solving. Along with these components for the verbal, there are also two main things for nonverbal communication which include: Body language and Written word communications. When we are in a conversation with someone, verbally speaking is not the only thing that comes with communicating well. There is also the fact that you must be a good listener as well so you can understand what the other person is communicating. According to Grubb, Hemby, â€Å"Generally there are three purposes associated with either casual conversation or public speaking: to inform, to persuade, or to entertain† (Matthewson, 2009). You need to be focused and pay attention to detail when someone is attempting to inform you on critical information. To build better communication and a better understanding of what someone is saying, try repeating or saying everything you just heard. It will help you to remember more of the important issues that were brought up in the conversation. For effective communication, you want to make sure that you are to the point of what you are talking about and avoid going off topic. This is make sure that you are able to clarify what the other person is saying and it will help any kind of confusion that may occur. You may also run into someone who does not speak English or speaks it very well. With this, you need to make sure that you are clear and precise on the topic and have an interpreter  just in case they need help understanding. In the Criminal Justice field, many officers, lawyers, probation and parole officers face this challenge on a day to day basis. For having different types of languages around us at all times, we must be prepared for anything that can happen in the communication aspect. Cultural differences can and do affect verbal and nonverbal communication. When you are using nonverbal communication, you must watch how you use your body language such as your hands, eyes, leg movement, and the folding of your arms. Using each of these in a certain manner can show the other person that you are uncomfortable, that you are not really listening to what they have to say and or you don’t care about what they are talking about. These can also show some signs of lying and stress if you are not careful. Law Enforcement uses these signs when they are interviewing and interrogating suspects. Giving direct eye contact but yet your body language says something else can be misunderstood as hiding something. There are many different variables dealing with communication as well. When we have a conversation, we should always make sure that we do not miscommunicate information and the way we can do this, is by being more alert and understanding the different methods of communication. In the 7th paragraph in his article, Grubb says â€Å"KISS is an extremely effective acronym. â€Å" Keep it Short and Simple† is not an indicator of lack of intelligence or professionalism but rather an efficient way to communicate. Some police officers, through a sense of misplaced importance, feel compelled to use language that is inappropriate for the situation- inappropriate in the sense that it does not fit well in the context of the conversation or in the message that the officer is attempting to convey† (Matthewson, 2009). When writing a report which is considered nonverbal communication, you want to make sure you are using as much detail as possible but making sure at the same time, you are not going overboard to where it drowns out the report. You want to make sure that you have enough information and enough details that it explains what you witnessed or what happened. There have been cases  where less description is also good in a report as well. Along with writing reports, when you are in the Criminal Justice field, you want to make sure that when you are emailing, you are concise and yet brief. By explaining too much in your reports, this can in fact potentially be thrown out of court by a judge. Communication Frustration plays a role in the Criminal Justice field by people misunderstanding what they are reading and what they are hearing. This can mean life and death in criminal justice organizations. If all the officers are getting briefed on a case where they have to apprehend a suspect, it takes one officer not paying attention and it could very easily cost him or her their lives. Understanding and communicating well are very important thing to master in any type of law enforcement agency. There are advantages and disadvantages with communications dealing with formal and informal. Having the formal communication, allows uniformity within the organization, having informal communication allows free flow of information, but tends to restrict uniformity. Another thing that goes along with having a hard time listening, is the fact that there can be outside stress like family issues, financial problems. There can also be external issues with listening such as being biased about the subject that is being talked about, the subject being boring etc. Having active listening and great feedback will help in good communication as well. There are three different barriers that are in effective communication. The first one is Individual Practitioner Barriers. This affects more of the community based correctional staff. With it affecting this area, some may lack basic knowledge, abilities and skills to do their jobs correctly and efficiently. Some that have lack of all three of these things, have never participated in the training that is required by that specific job. The second is the Organizational Barriers. This kind of barrier deals with barriers that are in their organization be it the police department, court houses, attorney’s offices etc. This also limits the full implementation of evidence based information and the correctional practices. When dealing with  correctional practices, you need to have all the knowledge to do your job correctly and without many or no faults. The third is Systemic Barriers. With this barrier, it deals within the criminal justice and the social service systems. This can cau se competition between the different agencies due to shortages in funding, difficulties in sustaining collaborations and the lack of support from the court system. Clients may be pushed away due to the community practitioners not having the power to control what happens in the system. My real world example of effective communication is the time I was living with my aunt back in Bryan, Ohio. She and her ex were seeing each other at this time. He was always coming over to our apartment spending time with her, cooking, cleaning, and helping with everything that he could think of. Everything was going wonderful for a long time. Communication was at its best between all of us. Then one day, he had been drinking and I was very ill lying in bed. I heard a lot of yelling and screaming from my aunt telling him to get out and him yelling back telling her to shut up. I heard some slamming around out in the living room so I got out of bed, extremely dizzy to see what was going on. I walked out and they were each on one side of the TV holding on to it. Well I stepped in and told him to get out of the apartment. She was in no shape for any stress and I was s o sick I just about couldn’t stand up straight. After I told him that, he took the TV and pulled it off the stand hitting me and my aunt in the back with it. Almost pinning me in between the glass coffee table and the TV. If I wouldn’t have moved when I did, I would have been severely cut. Needless to say, I got on the phone call the police and my aunt and I filed a police report. Later that day, her and I were pulling out of the apartment complex when we saw his van across the street. As soon as he seen us, he flew across into the apartment drive almost hitting her car. As she was backing up to the office, I was on the phone to the police once again. His van was so close to her bumper, u couldn’t put a piece of paper between them. If it was not for me being in that car, he said he would have killed her. No matter what situation or scenario you are in, communication is the main thing you need to have. If you do not have effective communication, then anything can happen. People can get off murder charges, rape charges, any type of abuse charges. As we all know, Criminal Justice has two main types of communication which are Ve rbal and Nonverbal. Each of these have subsets or components. References Henderson, M. L., Mathias-Humphrey, A., & McDermott, M. J. (2008). Barriers to Effective Program Implementation: Rural School-Based Probation (Vol. 72). Seattle, Washington, United States: Administrative Office of the United States Courts. Retrieved December 12, 2013, from http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/docview/213978183?accountid=458 Matthewson, J. (2009). Effective Communication in Criminal Justice: Process, components and various types. Examiner.com, 2. Retrieved December 12, 2013, from http://www.examiner.com/article/effective-communication-criminal-justice-process-components-and-various-types Wallace, H. &. (2009, January 15). Criminal Justice Law Exploring Issues, Developing Solutions. Retrieved December 12, 2013, from Criminal Justice Law: http://criminaljusticelaw.us/leadership/communication-frustration/

Cola Wars Study

Cola Wars: PepsiCo Dr. Michelle Biavatti 13 de octubre de 2009 Omar Sandoval Pina 119084 Mikel Novella Salazar 116656 Marisol Perez Chow 118631 Jorge Villanueva Almanza 121027 Gerardo Rafael Nomara Parra 119176 Indice Resumen Ejecutivo†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 *Identificacion de la industria†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦*†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 Analisis Externo General†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 Modelo de las Cinco Fuerzas de Porter†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 Ciclo de v ida de la industria y rentabilidad†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8 Amenazas y Oportunidades†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 9 Recursos y capacidades †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 12 Analisis VRIO†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 12 Analisis FODA†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 14 Modelo Hambrick & Fredrickson †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 17 Conclusiones y propuesta de estrategia†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 18 Pros y contras de la estrategia propuesta†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 18 Resumen Ejecutivo. Dentro de este trabajo, analizaremos la situacion actual de la industria de las bebidas carbonatadas. Esta industria se ha visto amenazada principalemente por un aumento en la demanda de bebidas no carbonatadas, aunque tambien la rivalidad dentro de la industria es una amenaza importante que tomaremos en consideracion para la aplicacion de nuestra estrategia. Comenzaremos tomando en cuenta la industria en el que se lleva a cabo la competencia entre firmas establecidas, los recursos de Pepsi para afrontar las amenazas y aprovechar las oportunidades que se presentan en dicha industria. Con esta informacion analizaremos las fuerzas, las oportunidades, amenazas y debilidades a las que se enfrenta Pepsi y propondremos una estrategia para neutralizar y convertir en fortalezas las debilidades y las amenazas. Las estrategias aqui propuestas estan basadas en el modelo propuesto por Hambrick y Fredrickson, orientadas a las arenas en las que se desempena la empresa, los pasos a seguir para la aplicacion de estas, los diferenciadores que ayudaran a la empresa a alcanzar la ventaja competitiva, y los vehiculos para alcanzarla. Tambien tomaremos en consideracion la logica economica detras de las estrategias planteadas para lograr obtener altos dividendos. Despues de realizar un estudio del entorno de la industria, detectamos los canales de distribucion como una fortaleza que Pepsi posee y que puede aprovechar para neutralizar la amenaza de productos sustitutos por medio del posicionamiento de las bebidas no carbonatadas de la marca. Al utilizar esta estrategia, Pepsi conservara su participacion en el mercado, conservando a Pepsi-Cola como producto estandarte de la marca. Aplicar esta estrategia le costara a Pepsi poco dinero y una cantidad considerable de tiempo y esfurezo. Tambien Pepsi puede diversificar su publicidad de acuerdo a las areas geograficas a las que se quiere enfocar y el tipo de bebidas (carbonatadas o no carbonatadas) que se prefieren en dichas areas. Industria- Pepsi se encuentra en la industria de las bebidas carbonatadas y a lo largo del tiempo ha ido penetrando el mercado de las no carbonatadas y frituras. Evaluating Firms External Environment 1. – Specific international events. Pepsi logro entrar al mercado europeo despues de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, ya que la Union Sovietica y los arabes excluyeron a Coca Cola 2. – Demographic trends: En 1963, Pepsi lanzo la compana Pepsi Generation, que se enfoca a la gente joven y joven de espiritu, utilizando imagenes como autos deportivos, motocicletas, helicopteros, un slogan penetrante asi imagenes de celebridades como Britney Spears. El aumento de la poblacion en paises como China conlleva un aumento en el rendimiento de Pepsi. 3. – Legal and Political Conditions: En las operaciones internacionales, Pepsi sufrio diversos obstaculos debido a la inestabilidad y regulaciones politicas, controles de precios, restricciones publicitarias, control de importacion de productos. Para enfrentar estas adversidades, en India, por ejemplo, Pepsi concedio derechos de exclusividad en la distribucion de sus productos al hombre mas rico en dicho pais. En 1941 la corte declino a favor de Pepsi despues de la demanda que Coca Cola impuso en relacion a una infraccionsobre la marca registrada de Coca. En 1971 la Comision Federal de Comercio inicio acciones en contra de 8 corporaciones acusandolos de tener territorios exclusivos otorgados a empresas embotelladoras, lo cual obstaculizo la competencia entre firmas. 4. – Technological Change: Los cambios en la tecnologia dieron a Pepsi la posibilidad de producir por medio de la osmosis inversa, en lugar de extraccion de agua de manantial. La inversion por parte de Coca y Pepsi en fuentes de sodas para una mayor distribucion conllevo una publicidad pagada, mayor presencia de marca y mayores rendimientos. El cambio de Coca, imitado por Pepsi tres anos despues, de utilizar jarabe como insumo en lugar de azucar, conllevo una reduccion de los costos para la produccion de bebidas de Cola. 5. – Cultural Trends: Americanos tomaban mas soda que cualquier otra bebida. Consumidores empezaron a cambiar sus gustos, de sodas normales a sodas dieteticas, tes y otras a base de no carbonatos, lo que produjo que Pepsi expandiera su gama de productos. 6. – Economic Climate: La Gran Depresion del 29 llevo a Pepsi a la bancarrota. Con esto, Pepsi redujo el precio de la presentacion de 12 onzas a 5 centavos, siendo este el mismo precio que Coca cobraba por su presentacion de 6. 5 onzas. Esto permitio a Pepsi su recuperacion. Analisis de las cinco fuerzas de Porter Rivalidad en la industra, firmas establecidas {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} El nivel de rivalidad entre las firmas establecidas es alto. Poder de negociacion de los compradores. text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} El poder de negociacion de compradores es bajo Poder de negociacion de los proveedores. {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} El poder de negociacion de los proveedores es bajo. Amenaza de Futuros Competidores. {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} La amenaza de futuros competidores en baja. Amenaza de sustitutos. text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} La amenaza de sustitutos es alta Complementos El caso no provee informacion acerca de productos complementarios. Ciclo de vidad de la industria y rentabilidad La industria se encuentra en una etapa de madurez y es poco rentable para los futuros competidores. Para las marcas ya establecidas es rentable porque las barreras de entrada son altas, la amenaza de sustitutos es alta, el poder de negociacion de los proveedores es bajo y el poder de negociacion de los clientes tambien es bajo, a pesar de que la amenaza de sustitutos es alta. Amenazas, oportunidades, fortalezas y amenazas Oportunidades O1. En su momento, la disminucion de la demanda de Coca Cola al cambiar la formula. (no fue aprovechada en su momento) O2. El escandalo de Coca Cola debido a que muchas personas se enfermaron por las bebidas y por discrimacion racial. (no aprovecharon este escandalo) O3. Existian mercados emergentes O4 Warehouse delivery system de marcas libres representaba mas costos para clientes O5 Venta a restaurantes por medio de fuente de sodas era extremadamente rentable O6 Explotar el mercado familiar O7 Explotar el mercado juvenil O9 Producir sus propias latas reduciria sus costos Amenazas A1. Coca Cola fue pionero en los enfriadores, dispensadores de maquinas de refrescos y maquinitas de refrescos. A2. La creciente popularidad de productos sustitutos como te, cafe, leche, jugos, y otras bebidas no carbonatadas (cambio de preferencias) A3. El exito e introduccion de Diet Coke A4. Coca Cola regresa a su formula original con el nombre de Coke Classic (no hizo nada al respecto) A5. Coca Cola dominaba sobre Europa occidental, America Latina A6. Coca Cola era el mas grande productor de bebidas carbonatadas a nivel internacional. A7. El crecimiento en Estados Unidos de las ventas de Cola parecen haberse estancado. A8 Demanda de productos que no eran cola A9 master bottler contract de coca cola le permite establecer precios y condiciones de venta A10 Amenaza por parte de la comision federal de comercio por practicas anti competitivas en 1971 A11 Gran Depresion A12 Obstaculos en las operaciones internacionales A13 Coca utilizo jarabe en lugar de azucar A14 Coca invirtio 100 mdd mas en publicidad A15 Coca introdujo 11 nuevos productos 1980 A16 La publicidad de coca cola orientada a un estilo de vida en los consumidores A17 Coca Cola establece el franchising system A18 Canales de distribucion ineficientes Fortalezas F1. â€Å"Direct Store Door† delivery F2. el master bottling agreement le concedio a pepsi el poder de determiner los precios terminos y condiciones de la compra de materia prima. F3. El congreso concedio derechos de exclusividad territorial por medio del â€Å"Soft Drink Interbrand Competition Act† en 1980 F4. Pepsi adquiere Pizza Hut, Taco Bell, y Kentucky Fried Chicken y despues de venderlos conserva los derechos de distribucion y ademas conserva frito lay. F5. Baja de Precios debido a la gran depresion F6. Diversidad en sabores de pepsi a partir de los 60 F7. Introduccion de la Botella Tamano familiar de 26 onzas F8. pepsi generation F9. Pepsi invierte en Campanas publicitarias ( como pepsi challenge, pepsi generation y celebridades ) F10. Tres anos despues, pepsi utiliza tambien jarabe. F11. Pepsi introdujo 13 nuevos productos F12Produccion de bebidas no carbonatadas F13 Pepsi Bottling System F14 Utilizo estrategias de mercado para aprovechar los mercados emergentes F15 Pepsi esta en la industria de las sodas desde 1893. F16 Pepsi imito la tecnologia de enfriadores y dispensadores de sodas F17 Sistemas novedosos para distribucion en nuevos mercados ( India ) Debilidades D1. Mientras coca cola tenia el 65% de las ganancias en las ventas de fuentes de sodas, pepsi unicamente tenia el 21%. D2. Al integrarse hacia atras aumentan los costos de produccion D3 Introdujo la pepsi de dieta en 1964 pero no alcanzo el nivel de popularidad D4 Ineficiencia en la explotacion de clientes insatisfechos de Coca Cola Recuros de la empresa y modelo VRIO Analisis FODA Modelo de Hambrick & Fredrickson {text:list-item} {text:list-item} Vehicles {text:list-item} {text:list-item} Differentiators {text:list-item} {text:list-item} Staging {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} Economic Logic 10. {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} Conclusiones y estrategia planteada Pros de la estrategia planteada {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} Contras de la estrategia planteada {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item}

Art of Privacy Portrayed by David Bourne

Art of Privacy Portrayed by David Bourne In The Garden of Eden, David Bourne retreats into his writing to escape the complications of his life, complications located predominantly in the actions and moods of his young wife, Catherine. He keeps a space all his own in which he writes; a daily regimen regulates his work practices. He muses, â€Å"If you cannot respect the way you handle your life then certainly respect your trade. You know about your trade at least† (148). There is comfort in having something all his own that he understands well and can control. Yet Catherine attempts at every turn to undermine this one thing that he has, to cheapen it or appropriate it for herself. Marita, however, is appreciative and respectful of Davids work; she is not jealous of or threatened by his talent. With Marita he no longer must guard himself against incessant insecurity and jealousy; he willingly shares with her the ordered, insular world of his writing and makes himself vulnerable in a new way. His understanding of people and how best to interact with others in the world is altered, if only temporarily, and he is able to tap into a part of his writing previously unknown to him. In Africa, David learned to â€Å"never tell anyone anything† (181). One cannot trust others with anything, because people are apt to use anything given them to pursue only those ends personally beneficial, often destroying something meaningful or beautiful in the process. Thus, at the novels open, David is guarded; he is not free with the world he has established for himself where nothing exists saves those landscapes and characters he creates. Through writing, he achieves pure agency; he lets no one into this world, even peripherally. â€Å". . . [David] wrote from an inner core which could not be split nor even marked nor scratched† (183): because it is exclusively his own, no person is able to corrupt or destroy his writing. His art is the logical outgrowth of his philosophy. David desires total autonomy and he has found it in literature. Catherine is threatened by this part of David that she cannot touch. David is hers – and she has no one else, no friends, no family – and thus she must transform him totally as proof of this, to exercise her agency. She manipulates David into changing his appearance; she changes their sexual dynamic. She and David are â€Å"against all the others,† she says (37), and thus they must be together and equal in all things, or at least (contradictorily) be together and equal in the way she envisions. Davids reviews of his newest book, his â€Å"clippings†, infuriate her. She berates David for keeping them and reading them, as if he were obsessive. The clippings are something of which she is not a part; they are uniquely Davids, a part of his work. She approves of the â€Å"narrative† that he is writing, an account of their time together in Europe, because she sees it as a monument to herself. She fears that when she dies, all that she has done and felt wi ll fall away: â€Å". . . I dont want to die and it be gone† (53). Davids narrative is the solution. She gradually tries to appropriate the narrative for herself, making plans for it, and in her final letter to David actually referring to it as â€Å"my book† (237). Catherine despises his short stories inspired by the African experiences of his youth. Not only are they writings which he does not want her to read or engage with in any way, but they are very nearly autobiographical and therefore immediately personal to David, something which, of course, Catherine cannot tolerate. She says, â€Å". . . [T]he stories are just your way of escaping your duty† (190), his duty, apparently, to her and to documenting their life and experiences. Ultimately, she burns his stories and his clippings to illustrate this and to refocus his work back on the narrative. Catherine wants to take from David everything that is exclusively his – clippings, writing, individual identity, manhood – and she nearly succeeds. Marita is at first another complication brought on by Catherine. David finds her beautiful, but is averse to her presence in their small hotel, thinking it will further wrench he and Catherine apart; â€Å"The hell with her,† David says several times. He wishes Catherine would take her away. However, as Catherine drifts deeper into herself than ever before and becomes more eccentric and moody, David grows closer to Marita, realizing, eventually, his love for her: â€Å"Christ, it was good to finish [the second Africa story] today and have her there. Marita there with no damned jealousy of the work and have her know what you were reaching for and how far you went. She really knows and its not faked. I do love her . . .† (204) Marita adores his Africa stories and expresses properly complex feelings about them, where Catherines reaction is simply disgust – a feeling that is truly a disguise for her jealousy and annoyance that David chose to work on these stories rather than the narrative. Marita is secure in herself and kind, and David senses this. Unlike Catherine, she does not wish to â€Å"destroy† David or the products of his artistry, she admires his talent and wishes for it whatever David wishes. Her affection for Davids Africa stories and relative disinterest in the narrative makes her the metaphorical opposite of Catherine: she sees an especial kind of veracity and power in the Africa short stories, those deeply personal to David. His control over this literary world is not a site of contention, but of appreciation. His control breeds high caliber work, and thus it is worthy of respect. Catherine is too selfish and single minded to see this, or at least to express it; the fact that the stories are at a remove from her is sufficient for her to discount them as evidence of Davids betrayal. Davids time with Catherine only affirms his ideas about not telling anyone anything. Belief in innate human selfishness is at the core of such a philosophy, or rather, fear that human selfishness will lead to the ruin of something important. Indeed, in Davids case, Catherines selfishness and inability to accept his autonomy over one aspect of his life results in the destruction of two of his best stories, the product of weeks – months – of work. However, Marita and Davids flowering relationship calls this philosophy into question. Catherines leaving allows for David and Maritas romance to begin to become fully realized. Her sweetness is in direct contrast to Catherines cruelty. She comforts him and feels the pain of the loss of his stories the same as he does. In a crucial moment after finishing his second Africa short story, he sits and reads with Marita as she reads: â€Å"He had never done this before and it was against everything he believed about writing . . . . He could not help wanting to read it with her and he could not help sharing what he had never shared and what he had believed could not and should not be shared.† (203) He willingly shares with Marita the part of himself that he had for so long kept most carefully guarded: his writing. It is a symbolic affirmation of the difference between his relationship with Marita as compared to his relationship with Catherine, one in which he could never be fully who he was. With Marita, he can â€Å"tell† things, he can reveal himself intimately without fear of being used. David says to Marita after Catherine burns his stories that â€Å"[w]hen its once right you never can do it again. You only do it once for each thing† (230); he cannot rewrite what he has lost. And while this may have been true before, in the final paragraphs of the novel, David gets back his stories, every sentence intact. Opening himself up to Marita, exposing the part of him most sacred, caused a change, one that David recognized when it occurred, but forgot. Marita asks on their way out of the hotel after the two read the story together, â€Å"Do you think were really lucky?† David responds, â€Å"Yes . . . I think it changed this morning or maybe in the night† (205), and thus ends Book 3 of The Garden of Eden. This change, this opening up of himself, paved the way for something new. His luck had changed, and he says at the very end of Chapter 28, the third to last chapter, that when writing one must gamble. â€Å"So gamble,† he says (238). He does gam ble and he wins, his luck having changed; he regains what he had lost, without any â€Å"sign that any of it would ever cease returning to him intact† (247). His emancipation from Catherine – the troubled woman whom he still worries for – and his opening up to Marita allowed for the recovery of his prized stories. The novel concludes with David triumphing, yet there is an undercurrent of troubling ambiguity. The Garden of Edens final line echoes the final line of â€Å"Indian Camp†: â€Å"In the early morning on the lake sitting in the stern of the boat with his father rowing, [Nick] felt quite sure that he would never die† (95,The Short Stories). There is a romantic optimism in both, in Davids case, a kind of pre-lapsarian confidence. Marita in the final pages speaks as did Catherine once, saying, â€Å"Im your girl . . . no matter what Im always your girl† (245). He writes his and Maritas name in the sand as an officiation of their marriage, peculiarly as sand is the most ephemeral of writing materials. Do these instances portentously suggest that their relationship will end as did his and Catherines, that it will dissolve as will certainly their names on the beach? With time, Hemingway seems to suggest, their good luck will turn, but neither yet realize it.

Identity-Based Brand Equity Model A Conceptual Framework Essay

Identity-Based Brand Equity Model A Conceptual Framework - Essay Example The following paper aims to close this essential marketing research gap and presents a new integrated brand equity model based on the identity-based brand management approach. It explores the sources of brand equity from internal and external perspectives on behavioral and financial levels in order to achieve a higher level of brand equity measurement and management quality. Since the late 80's - with the rise of the value-based management philosophy - brand equity has developed as one of the key marketing concepts throughout management theory and practice (Srinivasan et al., 2005). The challenge of delivering comprehensible evidence of brand-based equity creation encouraged researchers to develop a wide range of different brand equity models. Today it can be assumed that more than 300 different models have been developed and implemented worldwide. (Amirkhizi, 2005) Majority of these models focuses on the consumer. (Aaker and Joachimsthaler, 2000) Supporters argue that the source of brand equity is based on the consumer's brand knowledge predominantly following an outside-in approach. (Keller, 2003) However, an integrated brand equity approach also reflecting on inside-out approach has yet not received any attention. Nevertheless, it would be highly relevant to also consider brand equity being already created inside the company, for instance through emp loyees. Not only do employees represent an important stakeholder group, but they also operate as the original source of brand equity. (Joachimsthaler, 2002; Jones, 2005) Such a brand equity model with an integrated brand equity definition implicates the following advantages: First, most established models are based on past information and they accordingly derived prognosis. Only the integration of an internal perspective enables an accurate assessment of the entire brand equity, since the employee's attachment to the company is captured. This useful information however is only accessible within the company. Employees are therefore capable of anticipating positive or negative tendencies of internal and external development at an earlier stage, which increases both timeliness and validity of brand equity measurement. Secondly, in majority of developed models, brand image represents the basis of evaluation. Unfortunately it cannot be directly controlled from the company's perspective. In this context, the expression of "brand image as a construct of acceptance" was defined. (Burmann and Meffert, 2005) Brand image results from decoding the brand-driven a nd interpreted signals. In contrast, brand identity represents a "concept of sender". (Kapferer, 1992b) It can be directly managed by the company. Thirdly, the consideration of brand potential and future brand options has received little attention in

CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR (EXAM PREPARATION) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR (EXAM PREPARATION) - Essay Example It generates a complete consumption experience that makes customers engrossed in their shopping endeavor. There are various experiential retailing environments determining consumer behavior; however, in this paper, selected environment is a flagship brand store, specifically, Abercrombie & Fitch corporations. The paper illustrates how a flagship brand store like Abercrombie fit in an experiential environment. As economy and innovation increases, retailers are changing the flagship brand store into innovative criteria like the themed retail brand environments (Kozinets et al. 2002). The paper analyzes Abercrombie & Fitch Corporation as one of the experiential retailing environment. The analysis concerns the approaches the corporation uses to influence consumer behavior. Abercrombie & Fitch Corporation is a themed retail Brand Corporation that creates sexiness as the symbolic dress code for young adults. The young adult customers are lured into Abercrombie & Fitch stores because of the store’s sex attraction (Pahler 2009). It has created a body symbol that promotes and implies erotic and sexual lifestyles. The symbolic meaning of the store coincides with the targeted consumers, young adults’ population, who are attracted by sexy attires. It is a store competent of sustaining the highly challenging fashion customs. However, the store’s implied lifestyle has its ramifica tions. It is seen as too offensive and even unpleasant. However, the store-targeted consumers identify with store’s objective. The store’s culture is shown through the seductive and enticing exhibitions of models in their clothing (Pahler 2009). Because young adults are considerably more suggestible than the older population, the store targets this consumer group with their sexual promotions. The symbolic meaning of Abercrombie and Fitch clothing store is an attraction option for young adults with sex affiliations and great

Women legal rights in Law Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Women legal rights in Law - Term Paper Example In most countries, women could not participate in political activities like their male partners. In the wake of the twenty century, many groups emerged to fight and popularize the rights of women in the world. The groups concentrated mainly on the promotion of human rights and focused on the development agenda. Many women enslaved by the ancient laws came out publicly to demand their rights. Nowadays, women go to schools, hold public offices, and operate banks accounts in their own names. According to Janet (2002), women were treated differently; there were wide disparities as evidenced in arts, texts, and archeological records. Men were distinguished by the jobs they did and the positions they held in society. Women never worked; they depended on men whether they were married, single, or divorced. Women received names that lowered their authority in society. On then contrary, men had names that made them feel the importance and earned them respect. Women’s role comprised that of giving birth, but they could not make key decisions regarding the family. In the past, deformed children were murdered immediately after birth and the women had no chance to give their opinion on that issue. In the Roman Empire, the society was dominantly patriarchal; it favored men more than women. It is intriguing how the Islam treated their women. The religion of Islam relies on the teachings of Mohamed, which are documented in the holy Quran. The Quran states clearly that men and women  should be regarded as equal despite the gender differences. It states that women should respect their men, offer love, and gentleness. In Islam, women are highly regarded unlike other cultures that treat women as tools of sex. Some cultures have treated women as property to be inherited; in other cultures like the Chinese, women were buried together with their husbands. Women lived an honorable life, had the right to be

Happiness in ancinet cultures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Happiness in ancinet cultures - Essay Example This paper will seek to establish hat culture influenced happiness in the past. The ancient Egyptians struggled to live a happy life as well as eternal joy in the eternal life. They believed in life after death therefore; they had to make sure that their deeds here on earth guarantee them a next lifespan in eternity. They believed that a person, who keeps and observes the ways of the god, is guaranteed a whole life of joy and riches than all his peers. They too believed that an obedient person lives long up to old age in his own city, earning a lot of respect from other people, as well as being blessed with numerous children (Snape 29). This shows that since prosperity is associated with material wealth as well as happiness, everyone would struggle to obey culture and its beliefs. The ancient Egyptians had different gods who were responsible for different events in people’s lives. For instant, Osiris was a god of death, and would punish evil doers. This means that people would try very hard to avoid wronging their neighbors’ or the society to avoid death punishment. In return, quarrels were minimal and people lived in harmony and happiness in their villages. This kind of perception on happiness and eternity has been passed to the current generations due through kingdoms and dynasties. This means that inheritance and cultural practices have been passed from one generation to the next one because people are willing to live a longer life and continue their family lineage. The Egyptians had a positive view of life especially life after death since they invested in prestigious tombs with food and personal belongings for life after death. Marriage life was full of happiness since poetry was important and men were responsible for protecting their women as well reciting love poems for their wives. In Mesopotamia, population grew fast due to industrialization and plantation

Advertising and Guerilla Advertising Effectiveness and Comparison Literature review

Advertising and Guerilla Advertising Effectiveness and Comparison - Literature review Example In the process, there are complicated underlying theoretical constructs which play a part in the persuasive process. The message is partially dependent upon graphic design, and psychoanalytic theory is also important. Psychoanalytic theory can help explain persuasion, because it explains how the human psyche decodes and deconstructs ads. Moreover, meaning is ascribed, according to the person’s experiences and identity. Critiques of commercial art verses fine art is also relevant in this analysis, because much of advertising can really be considered to be art. However, as this paper will argue, commercial art is more relevant to society than fine art, because commercial art is more easily interpreted and decoded by society at large.Further, John Hegarty’s ideas will be fleshed out, and applied to the concepts of guerrilla marketing. The basics of advertising persuasion Advertising persuasion happens in many different ways.The use of semiotics is one persuasive devise. Se miotics consists of two parts – one is the symbol, or the signifier; the other is the connotation for the sign. So, for the Nike â€Å"swoosh† symbol, the actual â€Å"swoosh† is the signifier. The connotation is the connection that one makes when seeing the symbol, that connotation being all that Nike represents to the individual person – athleticism, celebrity spokespeople, perhaps sweatshops. Semiotics is basically a "system of signs, and can be verbal, visual, or a combination of the two. The study of semiotics would indicate that the meaning of advertisements is not found within the ad, but its meaning depends on how it operates, how signs and its ideological effect are organized internally (within the text) and externally (in relation to its production, circulation and consumption and in relation to technological, economic, legal and social relations)." (Dyer, 1982, p. 115). The audience are active participants in the decoding of the signs, bring ex perience and social background to the act of semiotic decoding. Returning to the Nike â€Å"swoosh,† how an individual interprets the sign might depend upon the background of the individual. One individual, who has Nike shoes, and love them, will decode the sign differently from somebody who has Nike shoes, and hates them. Another individual, who remembers the sweatshop scandal from years ago, might see the swoosh as a symbol of oppression. Etc. Semiotics are crucial to advertising, because this is the way that one company may differentiate itself from another company. Semiotics has not always been the vehicle for persuasion, however, as, during the 19th Century, advertising relied more upon words than semiotics. Earnest Elmos Calkins, founder of Calkins & Holden advertising agency, in New York City, changed the emphasis from words to semiotics. Calkins used modern art techniques in advertising, such as cubism and futurism, while using graphics designers and magazine illustra tors to design his ads. He was the first to understand that advertisements demand dynamic new designs, and was the first to let the designs themselves do the persuading, without the use of copy (Heller, 2001). Thus, graphic designers produce the semiotics which are used persuasively in advertising. These semiotics allow the advertisement to communicate to the audience, without using a single word. Advertising is very important to society, because of its persuasiveness, which helps goods be distributed smoothly. It is also important because it can convey messages about social issues, while persuading society about the importance of these issues (Heller, 2001). The symbol itself is just one aspect of semiotics, as

The Role of Communication and Personality in Negotiation Research Paper

The Role of Communication and Personality in Negotiation - Research Paper Example The paper tells that one of the greatest successful negotiations in history is the Israeli Armistice Agreement in 1949 between Israel and its neighbors. After Israel had attained its independence in 1948, it was invaded by its neighbors led by Egypt. The negotiation was led by a black American known as Ralph Bunch, who had grown up under segregation for his color. At the beginning of the negotiation, neither party could even look or talk to the other. It was somewhat a miracle that the negotiation was a success in the end. Over the period of 6 months that the negotiation took place; Ralph managed to break down the conflict into manageable bits to be worked on differently in order to lessen the work. The strategy he used was starting with the easier bits as a way of building trust with the parties and then, later on, got into the hard bits. Every time the parties arrived at an agreement, Ralph would make sure that an agreement was signed just to ensure that the parties get into the ha bit of signing agreements. An example of one of the greatest failures in the history of negotiations would be the Geneva nuclear talks between Iran and the Western powers. The talk was between Iran and the so-called P5 + 1 group of world powers. The negotiations finally came to a halt when French walked out of the negotiations with the reason that they needed to get some form of control of the nuclear power. Over the past ten years, there have been a lot of negotiations between the Western powers and Iran on nuclear power. All the negotiations were never a success due to the fact that Iran always got the raw end of the deal. As much as Iran was willing to make a number of concessions, the Western powers, on the other hand, were not so lenient. The negotiation was more one-sided in terms of the concessions. Despite the unfairness, Iran was still willing to sign the deal. However, the Western powers still walked out of the negotiation with a number of excuses, which were quashed by th e Russian negotiators.

A Critique of Frye’s, Jordan’s, and Miller’s Feminist Theories Essay Example for Free

A Critique of Frye’s, Jordan’s, and Miller’s Feminist Theories Essay Marilyn Frye’s feminist theory is based on a mix of art and philosophy as well as a presentation of her own ideas in the context of the world. Frye’s theory stresses among other things, the fact that the power of feminism is embedded in the capability of making women’s lives and their experiences understood by a vast majority of the people (Frye, 1983). On the other hand, Jordan’s feminist theory lays emphasis on the woman’s self with reference to her relational well-being (Jordan, 1991). Closely related to this, Miller’s theory is based on the view that there is need to address women’s experiences and make the world understand them better. Thus, Miller suggests that in order to understand women, there is need to understand their lives and values (Miller, 1987; Davis, 1999). This paper will examine and appraise the aforementioned theories and draw a conclusion based on the flaws or incongruence depicted by the theories, and will thus suggest whether the theories can be used together or as separate entities. Frye’s Feminist Theory Frye affirms that in order to understand women fully, that is in terms of their feelings, motivations, ambitions and how they are likely to react to different situations, there is need to understand their driving forces, which are the determining factors in various responses (Frye, 1983). Frye’s feminist theory thus presents an attempt to explain the forces and how they apply to different women. While it may be true that there are deciding forces behind every woman’s response to different situations, it is also evident that the forces cannot be studied conclusively. This viewpoint is instigated by the fact that women live in different conditions, and these conditions are likely to affect how they react to different circumstances. Thus, a generalization cannot be used to describe women’s attitudes. In view of sex and sexuality, Frye notes that sex roles have inhibited men and women from being in charge of their choices since the activities involved in sex are already predetermined (Hoagland Frye 2000). However, this supposition fails to address the sex drives involved among same-sex partners. Thus, even though Frye notes that women are sexually oppressed, it is difficult to concur with the argument since sexual freedom has increased tremendously in the world over the past few years. Frye’s likening of women to a birdcage in which if one observes one wire of the cage, she or he is likely not to see the other wires present in the cage (Davis, 1999) presents an interesting point of discussion. This is true given that in there are instances when women are ignored, for example in restaurants when waiters expect men in company of women to pay the bills. This implies that much attention is paid to men, who are perceived to be a superior sex. Jordan’s Feminist Theory This theory emphasizes the connections among different aspects of women’s lives, which are developed through relationships. It dwells on factors such as sexism and heterosexism, which separate women and alienate them from the rest of the society, thus subjecting them to a lot of suffering (Jordan, 1991). In view of this, while it is true that women are more affected by issues that concern sex it is also imperative to note that such issues are not just limited to women. Concisely, men also suffer from issues related to sex. Jordan’s theory also dwells on the self-condition of women in relation to their relational wellbeing. Jordan emphasizes that most Western psychological theories tend to point too much on the woman’s self rather than her relations with others (Jordan, 1997). Along this line, Jordan asserts that men have subordinated women and view them as their subjects, thereby undermining women’s relation capacity. This presumption has some substance with reference to how women were treated in the past. However, it may loose significance in the contemporary world where women have taken more leadership positions and have better control of their undertakings. Jordan addresses desire by relating it to adolescent sexuality, noting that it arises from people’s integration with others and creation of relationships (Jordan, 1997). This is true in the context of what people commonly refer to as â€Å"real love† that develops between men and women through their continued association. On the other hand, since relationships commonly break, there is an indication of a flaw in Jordan’s theory. Nevertheless, Jordan’s point of challenging the tendency by men to be dominant over women (Jordan, 1991) stresses the need for equality between men and women. Miller’s Feminist Theory Miller focuses on the concern of men’s domination over women and their tendency to subordinate them (Miller, 1987). She asserts that the propensity by men to be dominant over women causes conflict between the two sexes because men fail to understand women. Miller also notes that in dealing with conflict, women, who are usually the subordinates revert to overt conflict, a phenomenon that is prevalent in the present day (Miller, 1987). Miller therefore questions why men should be dominant over women yet women have equal capabilities do what men can do. Miller’s feminist theory is important in addressing gender disparity in the world. It also supports women in having voices to do what pleases them irrespective of what men think about them. However, its flaw lies in the fact that it fails to address why men have higher propensity to be dominant over women and why women usually revert to overt conflict when dealing with men. Conclusion The feminist theories by Frye, Jordan and Miller all address issues that though not congruent are closely related. Frye’s theory is centered on understanding women; Jordan’s theory recognizes the woman’s self worth and the importance of women’s participation in relations; whereas Miller’s theory in centered on understanding women and why men should not treat them as subordinates. All these issues are closely related since they address the status of women and their role in the society, which is paramount in eliminating injustices against them. Hence the theories should treated together to achieve the objective. References Davis, F. (1999). Moving the mountain: The women’s movement in America since 1960: Chicago: University of Illinois Press Frye, M. (1983). Politics of reality: Essays on feminist theory. New York: Ten Speed Press Frye, M. (1992). Willful Virgin: Essays in Feminism, 1976-1992. New York: The Crossing Press, Inc. Hoagland, S. L. Frye M. (2000). Feminist interpretations of Mary Daly. Pennsylvania: Penn State Press Jordan, J. (1991). Women’s growth in connection: New York: Guilford Publications, Inc Jordan, J. (1997). Women’s growth in diversity. New York: Guilford Press Miller, J. (1987). Toward a new psychology of women. Boston, MA: Beacon.

The Social Network Movie Analysis Film Studies Essay

The Social Network Movie Analysis Film Studies Essay The movie The Social Network, released in the United States by Columbia Pictures on October 2010 is the best film of 2010 and deserves to be awarded the Oscar for Best Picture category. It is a socially relevant movie that is both informative and philosophical. Based on the real life story of the social networking website Facebook and the lawsuits it had to face, the movie explores the difficulties involved in adoption of new ideas and new technology, and at the same time it explores the emotional imbalances that occur when success happens overnight. Directed by David Fincher, The Social Network stars Jesse Eisenberg as Mark Zuckerberg, the computer programmer who invented Facebook. The screenplay by Aaron Sorkin is based on Ben Mezrichs 2009 nonfiction book The Accidental Billionaires. The movie has so far had stunning reviews, good word of mouth and solid box office and it is time it is honored with the Academy Award for Best Picture of 2010. The Social Network has been nominated for the following categories at the Oscar awards: Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor (Jesse Eisenberg), Best Original Score, Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Supporting Actor. The Social Network has been continuously receiving constant praises and people are excited about the movie. At the Oscars it faces competition from movies such as The Kings Speech, 127 Hours, Inception, Black Swan, True Grit and The Fighter. I personally feel that the movie would capture the Best Picture award as it has excellent direction by David Fincher, excellent adapted screenplay by Aaron Sorkin and marvelous portrayal of Mark Zuckerberg by Jesse Eisenberg. The movie also has excellent supporting actor cast, editing, score and cinematography. Everything about it is rich and the film can usher in the new generation factor to the Academy Awards as it addresses a very wide audience. The film has already received the Golden Globes award for Best Motion Picture for a drama and its director David Fincher has received the award for Best Director. The Social Network deals with a wide range of themes involving hubris, ambition, friendship, jealousy, class and cultural cache and success as status and revenge. The movie has a very exciting and innovative plot that explores the virtual world where people can become friends or unfriends at the click of a mouse. The plot revolves around Mark Zuckerberg, a Harvard University student at the beginning of the movie and the year is 2003. The movie begins and ends with a subtle reference to Marks love for Erica Albright, giving the movie a poetic character. The movie is fast paced and shows how life and relationships can change dramatically over a short period of 18 months, by success. Mark, infuriated by his girl friend, launches a website called Facemash that would allow his colleagues to rank female students. He thus draws the attention of tech-savvy business people such as the Winklevoss twins and their partner Divya Narendra who invite him to work as the programmer of their website, Harvard Connection and so begins his meteoric rise in the world of networking. He launches The Facebook, a social networking site which soon becomes a global social network and a revolution in communication. Six years later, Mark Zuckerberg finds himself the youngest billionaire in history seated amidst personal and legal complications. David Fincher has directed this movie with technical fastidiousness and textural richness as he skips between two separate depositions using flashback narrative in a clarifying manner. The camera has been skillfully handled by Jeff Cronenweth and the movie has awesome editing and music as well. The special effects of the movie blend with the movie seamlessly so much so they are almost unnoticeable. Good contrast is shown between the Harvard walk shown in the opening credits and the regatta sequence. While the first is shown smooth and rich, the latter sequence looks miniaturized. This contrast fits with the differing moods in the two scenes. The movie is also excellent in cinematography and editing. In the context of Visual Effects, it is really amazing to see Armie Hammer two roles as the two Winklevoss twins. The dialogues are smart and witty. The Social Network movie is truly a masterpiece. It is a movie with an innovative theme that is well crafted with an intelligent screenplay and meaningful in the present day society. Even the film review site Rotten Tomatoes has given the move a perfect 100% and it is only fair that the Academy takes note of it. The Social Network has also been a box office success and any movie of such depth that also appeals to the masses is definitely worth recognition. The movie is one that the world of today can identify itself with the changing styles of communication and its impact on relationships. Also it emphasizes how ego and selfishness arise with the arrival of money. Mark Zuckerberg is well portrayed in a movie as a smart man who is yet in some ways dumb. Sitting before his computer, he is very active and enthusiastic, but he is always struggling in the social context. Jesse Eisenbergs performance is fantastic as he shows very well the feeling of ease before the computer and the sense of being lost when amidst social confrontations. He does not show his discomfort only by his facial expressions. Rather he shows it with his overall body language and attitude that the people around him are infuriatingly illogical. What makes his character interesting is that he is unable to relate to people on a emotional level though he understands their needs and wants in the social networking world with great sensitivity. The first scene is particularly noteworthy. Mark talks about a wide range of topics that his girl friend finds difficult to follow. However, he is offended at his girl friends suggestion that he should choose to enter the club that is easiest t o enter and unaware, he insults his girl friend by her by telling her that she is going only to Boston University. This scene shows Mark is a mercurial character who is not aware of his own elitist attitude and bad behavior. He also has difficulty communicating with Eduardo. Jess Eisenberg clearly showing that he is a man of tunneled vision, blind to the feelings of the people close to him. Eisenberg, with his astute performance allows the viewers to get glimpse of an emotionally distant man who has a keen intellect and a great passion for work. The movie has the ability to excite, inform and entertain at the same time and is appealing to both technical and non-technical viewers. The movie addresses the technical aspects of how the networking site came into being and also how corruption and greed enter peoples lives along with money in a very simple manner. This movie has made pioneering efforts to explore the virtual world through the character of Mark Zuckerberg who is enigmatic. With such great qualities, the movie The Social Network is definitely the Best Picture of 2010.

computer graphics :: essays research papers

Computer Graphics When I think of art I think of great artists of the past. Artists that have spent practically all their lives to produce visually stunning pieces of work. Artists such as Michelangelo, who spent 15 years of his life to finalize a painting on the ceiling of the St. Peter’s Cathedral. When I think of art, I think of the legendary sculptures of the classical era. Artists then envisioned a final work from a block of stone. However, It is very difficult for me to consider a person who sits in front of a computer and plays with a pre-programmed software as an artist. As narrow as that statement may sound, In my opinion, it seems true and to the point.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My sophmore year at Seton Hall I assumed an art class, Art of the Western World. I took the class because like most classes at the University, I needed it fulfill my requirements. However, by the end of the semester I was amazed about art, more so then I ever was. In fact, I have never cared about art before in my life. But the class acquired my eyes to appreciate artistic objects around me. I began to realize that art is a long and difficult process. A skill that requires great determination and perfection. Early painters had to face the difficulties of paint drying too fast or the paper fading. Besides that, I witnessed how the great sculptures imagined the final work before it was even begun. Initially, they started from a block of stone or marble, having to carve out each and every layer. I was amazed, I could not imagine how long or difficult this could be. How long it must have took to create certain final works was incredible and for what, the mere satisfac tion and thrill?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Maybe it is because artists of the past did not have breakthrough technology like we do today. Because if they did, then it is possible they would have taken easier routes to complete their work. But, today’s computer graphic designers have it much easier in my opinion. Granted, they too have to spend long hours learning the functions of a program. However, the software has been premade by other programmers. So how can u consider yourself an artist when you are using someone else’s program in which you are limited to what the programmer has installed.

3M Essay -- essays research papers

12 Basic Immutable Tenets   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As we all know Warren Buffett may be the most successful investor in the world. Some people try to dismiss Buffetts’ prowess of picking successful securities on the basis of a certain degree of luck or inside information that the regular small investor could never hope to have. However what many people do not understand is that, according to Robert G. Hagstrom, Buffett does not invest in stocks but in companies and their underlying businesses. and instead of luck Buffett uses his twelve immutable tenets. These twelve tenets are broken into four sections of the companies: 1) Business, 2) Management 3) Financial and 4) Market. By analyzing 3Ms’ annual report, its financial statements, and by examining all aspects of the company and its’ industry we can come to a conclusion of whether or not 3M would make an attractive investment to Buffett.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first group of Buffetts’ tenets is the Business tenets. The business tenets are broken into three areas of concentration. The first business tenet is the business must be simple and understandable. 3M has thousands of different products, a few of which are simple (and thus interesting to Buffett) such as Post-It Notes, Scotch Tape, adhesives, and cleaning agents. But some of 3Ms’ other products are not as simple such as flexible circuits, and electronic and liquid crystal displays. These highly technical products would be out of Buffetts’ â€Å"circle of confidence†, products that Buffett does not know very much about and therefore Buffett would not be able to interpret and react to developments with as much confidence. The second business tenet is that the business must have a consistent operating history. Companies with a consistent operating history are firms that are in a stable industry, have spent years producing the same prod uct, and that are not currently involved in changing directions. 3M could easily be categorized as having a consistent operating history as shown by its strong core products (Post-It notes, Scotch tape, Scotch guard etc†¦) which have dominated their market for years. Also 3Ms’ consistency can be measured by its’ longevity in the fact that 3M was established over 100 years ago in 1902. The last of the business tenets is favorable long term prospects. Favorable long term prospects ca... ...he last group of tenets, the market tenets, helps the investor decide if the price of the shares is acceptable. The first market tenet is deciding the value of the business. To value a business Buffett estimates a companies total future cash earnings and discounts the owners’ earnings by a risk free rate (30 year T-bond). 3M had total owner earnings of $2,690,000,000 in 2003. If we assume that owners’ earnings will grow by 12% per year for the next ten years (which is what analysts predict as the industry as a whole is expected to grow 11% per year) we can calculate that 3Ms’ intrinsic value in 2003 would be $35,085,216,000. Even if 3M grows at 5% per year the company would still be worth $25,780,818,000. The final market tenet, buying at attractive prices, is buying at a sensible price that will give your investment a â€Å"margin of safety†, and also buying at prices that are below their indicated value. 3Ms’ value is calculated at $63,480,000 ,000. This value is almost double our calculated intrinsic value, which would indicate to us that the stock price is too high and that 3M would not represent a good investment until the price falls to a level that would give a margin of safety.

The Digestive and Urinary Systems :: essays research papers

Digestive and Urinary System Lesson 1: The Digestive System Terms: q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Digestion: q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Absorption: q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Elimination:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mastication: q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Peristalsis: q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gastric Juices: q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bile: Functions of the Digestive System: q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Digestion, Absorption, and Elimination. q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Digestion occurs in the digestive tract which includes: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mouth: Mastication occurs and enzymes produced by salivary glands starts digesting carbohydrates. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Esophagus: 10 in. long and extends from the pharynx to the stomach. Food moves down the esophagus by the peristalsis. The sphincter, a circular muscle at the entrance of the stomach opens and closes to allow food to enter the stomach. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stomach: Holds about 1qt of food for 3-4 hours and controls the rate at which it enters the small intestine. It also produces Chyme and Gastric Juices. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Small Intestine: 20ft (6m) long, 1in (2.5cm) in diameter. Consist of 3 parts the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum. Intestinal juice, secretions from the liver and pancreas complete chemical breakdown. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Large Intestine (Colon): 2.5in (6cm) in diameter and 5-6ft (1.5-1.8m) long. The main function of the large intestine is the elimination of waste and the absorption of water. The water is absorbed into the bloodstream Other Organs that aid Digestion q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are essential for the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Liver: the largest gland in the body q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Weighs about 3.5 lbs. q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dark reddish brown color q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Over 500 functions q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Produces bile q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Converts sugar glucose to glycogen and stores it q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Maintains level of glucose in the blood q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Changes harmful to less harmful toxins q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stores vitamin A, D, E, K, B12, and Iron 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gallbladder: Small sac about 3-4 in. (7-10cm) long q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stores bile until food moves from the stomach into the duodenum of the small intestine. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pancreas: a gland of the digestive and endocrine system. q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Produces insulin q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Produces 3 digestive enzymes: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  trypsin: digest protein 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  amylase: digest carbohydrates 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  lipase: digest fats q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  These enzymes are released into the small intestines through ducts. Lesson 2: Problems and care of the Digestive Systems Terms: q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Indigestion: q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hiatal hernia: q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gallstones: q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Peptic ulcers: q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gastritis: q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Appendicitis: q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hepatitis: Common Functional Problems: q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Halitosis: (bad breath), can result from disorders of the teeth and gums caused from poor oral health care. q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Indigestion: occurs when your body doesn’t properly breakdown foods. This can be caused by eating too much ,eating too fast, or by indulging in an excess of alcohol. q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Heartburn: occurs when acid content from the stomach backs up into the esophagus. If a person has hiatal hernia they may experience heartburn. q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gas: a certain amount of gas in the stomach or intestine is normal but some foods can cause an excess of gas. q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nausea and Vomiting: this can be caused by motion, pathogens, medicines, drugs, and other substances in the stomach. Nausea precedes vomiting. Vomiting is reverse peristalsis.

According to National Institute of Health

According to National Institute of Health (NIH) (2006), Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) by gradually destroying CD4+ T cells (also called â€Å"T-helper cells†), which play a significant role in the immune response system.In a healthy subject the CD4+ T cells range between 800 to 1,200 cells/mm3 but when this count falls below 200 cells/mm3, the individual is most vulnerable to â€Å"opportunistic infections† and cancers typical of AIDS.From the above it is evident that body has its own mechanism to prevent infections i.e., immune response system comprising of CD4+ T cells which are actually attacked by HIV systematically destroying the CD4+ T cells. These cells are active in fighting back infections attacking the body, thus once their count falls abnormally the body is vulnerable to the so called â€Å"opportunistic infections† which are typical of AIDS.Grant and Cock (2001) stated that general symptoms i n the early stages include loss of weight, fever, sweating during nights, diarrhea and frequent skin disorders especially of varicella zoster, fungal infections and pruriginous dermatitis leading to itchy rashes resulting into ulcerations and healing with pigmented macules.However the expanded definition of AIDS states that in addition to the above mentioned symptoms an individual is stated to be suffering from AIDS if the test for HIV antibody gives a positive result subject to one or more of the following conditions:à ¼Ã‚   Weight loss of more than 10%à ¼Ã‚   Cryptococcal meningitisà ¼Ã‚   Pulmonary or extra pulmonary tuberculosisà ¼Ã‚   Kaposi’s Sarcomaà ¼Ã‚   Neurological impairment sufficient to prevent independent daily activities.à ¼Ã‚   Candidiasis of the oesophagus and oral region accompanied by dysphagiaà ¼Ã‚   Recurrent episodes of pneumonia with or without aetiological confirmationà ¼Ã‚   Invasive cervical cancerCandidiasis of the oesophagus and oral regio n is caused to infection by fungus in immunocompromised patients such as those suffering from AIDS and gradually no medication may be effective in future course of time ultimately leading to loss of appetite and weight.Cryptococcal meningitis is infection of the brain and is due to spread of fungus from lungs to the brain through blood circulation. People who have defects in their cell-mediated immunity such those suffering from AIDS, are susceptible to disseminated cryptococcosis. Cryptococcal meningitis is fatal. The fungus infects the nervous system causing inflammation of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord.The more frequent probable causes of HIV related diseases include cerebral toxoplasmosis and cryptococcal meningitis, â€Å"cerebral toxoplasmosis most often presents as a space occupying lesion of the brain, and cryptococcosis as chronic meningitis† thus brain gets effected in particular and nervous system in general.One of the important â€Å"opportunis tic infections† includes tuberculosis and may be detected at any stage in the course of immunodeficiency. Pulmonary tuberculosis is similar to non-HIV infected subjects in the initial stages of HIV infection, but the advanced stages of immunodeficiency exhibit â€Å"disseminated and multibacillary nature of tuberculosis† thus causing extensive damage to lungs in general and pulmonary system in particular.Pneumonia is an acute or chronic inflammation of lungs caused due to infection caused by a bacteria, virus or fungus. Patients suffering from AIDS easily get affected by opportunistic infections causing pneumocystis pneumonia or cytomegalovirus pneumonia.People suffering from AIDS are infected by various types of pneumonia affecting the lungs and respiratory system, thus respiratory system gets seriously affected along with the immune system.Kaposi’s Sarcoma is cancer of skin, mucous membranes and blood vessels. Kaposi’s Sarcoma is characterized by bleedin g at different sites on patient’s skin with the formation of round or elliptical lesions about quarter inch to one inch in size.

The Importance of Psychology in Business

Importance of psychology in bussiness†¦.. I think psychology plays an important role in business there are many ways to utilize psychology in your business†¦ if you have any concept about psychology of human being its easy for you to undersand the nature of your investor either he is optimistic or passimistic so at this level you can make him feeling more comfortable while investing in your business. When we are on any job interview its too much helpfull to us knowing psychology. We may observe their expressions either what quality of mine in being appriciated or not.On the other hand for a professional its necessary to know about the basics of psychology to devolp his/her own atitude towards his/her profession. For example if we are being prepared for a sales department our atitude should be different than in production deprtment. In HR(human recourse) department tha in mechanical department. so it is not possible for us to devolp ourselves as a professional in different o f a business firm. We can also motivate our employes to give their best. Psychology helps us in each and every feild of life while behaving with human being. Major implimentations of human psychology are given as under†¦ Importance of human psychology as employer . We have to deal with human beings as professionals in different segments of our business tirms.  ·Importance of human psychology as employee. Our employers,olleagues,Subordinates and imideate bosses they are also human being we also also have to copup with them in our daily business.  ·Importance of human psychology in daily working. In our daily working we have to copup with different people like customers,dealers contractors,imediate bosses e. t. c and we have to bring them on one point to show their best here human psychology helps us alot Thanks†¦. Syed Mazhar BBA Sectin-A

Deontological Vs Utilitarian Ethics Essay

Kant believed that morality is dependent upon reason, that to act rationally was the same as acting morally. He placed a high value upon duty in determining the moral worth of an action. Kant’s deontological ethics is essentially an ethics of duty or obligation. As such, he claims that the moral worth of an action depends solely on whether or not it was done exclusively from a sense of duty. If an act is done simply because one is so inclined, the act has no moral value. This principle holds true even if inclination happens to be in agreement with duty. To illustrate this point, he uses the example of a truly beneficent person. He says that while kindness to all man is a duty, there are some who are naturally inclined to be kind. He asserts â€Å"But I maintain that in such a case an action of this kind, however proper, however amiable it may be, has nevertheless no true moral worth, but is on a level with other inclinations†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Gregory and Giancola, 82). When these spread kindness while motivated by their own inclination to be kind, their kind acts have no moral value, because in his view in order for an act to be moral, it must be done for the sake of duty alone. Essentially, deontological ethics says the less inclined one is to perform an act that duty calls one to, the more moral worth the act has. While deontological ethics is completely independent of inclination, utilitarian ethics is in many was based upon it. Utilitarianism is built on hedonism, which is the claim that pleasure is the supreme good for man. The main idea of utilitarianism is that man is naturally inclined to seek pleasure and avoid pain and this natural inclination is to be embraced as it will lead man to the supreme end, which is happiness. Utilitarian ethics says that moral acts are those that promote pleasure and avoid pain while immoral acts do the opposite. In is definition of utilitarianism, John Mills says that as far as possible, pleasure in its highest quantity and quality should be promoted and this for the greatest number of people possible. He says, â€Å"†¦that standard is not the agent’s own greatest happiness, but the greatest amount of happiness altogether†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Gregory and Giancola, 92). In my view this means that according to utilitarian ethics, the moral act is the o ne that brings pleasure to the greatest amount of people.

Skidelsky Warwick Lecture

In my third and fourth lectures examine the monetary and fiscal confusion which as reigned in the last five years -the experiments with ‘unorthodox monetary policy' and the austerity drive in fiscal policy -as policy makers sought a path to recovery. In my fifth lecture 1 kick at the causes Of the crisis from the standpoint of the world monetary system. Finally, I ask the question: what should post-crash economics be like? What guidance should economics offer the policy-maker to prevent further calamities of the kind we have just experienced?What should students of economics be taught? In this lecture I will consider only those bits of pre-crash orthodoxy relevant to policy making, tit main emphasis being on UK developments. Theories of expectation formation played an overwhelming parting shaping the theory of macroeconomic policy; with changes in the way economists modeled expectations marking the different phases of theory. I will treat these in roughly chronological order, s tarting with the Keynesian theory. II.UNCERTAIN EXPECTATIONS Keynesian macro theory dominated policy from roughly 1945-1975. The minimum doctrine -not in Keynes, but in accepted versions of Keynesian theory -to justify policy intervention to stabilize economies is: SLIDE 1 1. Uncertain expectations, particularly important for investment, leaving investment to depend on ‘conventions' and ‘animal spirits'. 2. Relative interest-inelastic of investment. 3. A) sticky nominal wages (unexplained) and b) sticky nominal interest rates (explained by liquidity preference).The first point suggested investment was subject to severe fluctuations; the last suggested there was a lack or weakness of spontaneous recovery mechanisms- ii the possibility of ;under-employment equilibrium'. This led to a prescription for macro-policy: to prevent or minimize fluctuations of investment demand. Point 2 in combination with b suggested primacy of fiscal over monetary policy for stabilization. SLIDE 2 ‘For Keynes, it was the tendency for the private sector, from time to time, to want to stop spending and to accumulate financial assets instead that lay behind the problems of slumps and unemployment.It could be checked by deficit spending'. (C J. Also and D. Makes (1985), in D. Morris (De. ) ‘The Economic System in the UK†, 374) ‘In the standard Keynesian economic model, when the economy is at less than full capacity, output is determined by demand; and the management of economic activity and hence employment is effected by managing demand'. (ibid, 370) Mention in passing, that there was a theoretical and social radicalism in Keynes obliterated in the standard postwar Keynesian model.For example, he thought insufficient demand was chronic and would get worse; and that, in consequence, the longer term survival of a free enterprise system depended on the redistribution of wealth and income and the reduction in hours of work. I will return to these points in my last lecture. Demand- management The government used fiscal policy (variations in taxes and spending) to maintain full employment, while keeping short term interest rates close to some ‘normal' (or expected) level. Eel. Monetary policy was largely bypassed as a tool of demand-management.The government forecast real GAP for the following year by forecasting year on movement of its expenditure components: consumption, fixed capital formation, stock building spending, and net exports. Budget deficits then adjusted to maintain full employment. There was no explicit modeling of expectations, though attention was paid to the issue of ‘confidence'. The prevalent view was that the confidence of the cuisines community was best maintained by a commitment to full employment. It was different with the balance of payments.With sterling convertible into foreign currencies at a fixed exchange rate, governments also needed to retain confidence of non-resident holders of sterling, so the two requirements of confidence might pull in different directions. ‘Stop-Go' was the result. Stop-Go not withstanding, fiscal activism proved highly successful, aided by the long post-war boom. The budget remained in surplus with current account revenues exceeding expenditure and with borrowing mostly stricter to finance public investment not covered by current-account surpluses.Chancellors from Crisps to Macmillan were even tempted to extend this-above-the-line surplus to an overall surplus by covering capital expenditure below the line from revenue yet this was not achieved 1 . Nonetheless, the public-sector borrowing requirement (ESP.) fell from an average of 7. 5% of GAP (1952-1959) to 6. 6% of GAP (1960-1969). The national debt-to-income ratio fell from 3:1 in 1950 to 0. 7:1 in 19702. Unemployment was consistently below 2. 5% and inflation was low. Ill. THE RISE AND FALL OF PHILLIPS CURVE KEYNESIAN The post-war problem turned out to be not unemployment but inflation. With full capacity utilization, whether generated by Keynesian policy or by benign world conditions, there was always going to be pressure on prices. So the attention of Keynesian policymakers was increasingly turned to fighting inflation, using both fiscal and monetary tools. In this they were also successful for a time. But from the late asses, inflation started to creep up; and the unemployment cost of restraining it started to rise: we enter the era of ‘stagflation'. The underlying theoretical question was: what caused inflation? Was it excess demand or ‘cost-push'?There was no single Keynesian answer to this question. Some Keynesian economists argued that labor market was like any other, with price being determined by the balance between supply and demand. A reduction in the demand for labor would lower its price. Deflation would slow the rise of nominal wages, and hence a rise in the general price level. The question of course was how much deflation would be needed for stable prices? This was not an easy case for Keynesian to argue. Given their belief in sticky nominal wages, the unemployment cost might prove very high.Most Keynesian economists were more comfortable with the ‘cost push' theory of inflation: unions pushing up wages ahead of productivity. Prices rose because business managements raised them; managements raised prices because their costs had risen; costs rose owing to pay increases; and pay increased because otherwise unions would come out on strike. Higher unemployment would not stop them because most of the unemployed could not do the strikers' jobs. In fact, cost-push could occur at levels well below full employment.Short of bringing back mass unemployment, deflating demand would not stop inflation. What was required was a compact with the unions to restrain pay push: incomes policies. Anti-inflation policy in the 1 sass and asses wobbled between fiscal and monetary measures to restrain demand and attempts to reach pay deals with the unions. The Keynesian were rescued from this dilemma by the econometric work Of A. W. Phillips. In 1 958, A. W. Phillips published a famous article which claimed to demonstrate a well-determined relationship between the unemployment rate and the rate of wage increases.The Phillips Curve implied that there was a stable trade-off between unemployment and inflation. The prize was price stability with a small increase in unemployment, way short of the depression. More generally, policy-makers were supposed to have a ‘menu of choice' between different rates of inflation and unemployment. SLIDE 3. ORIGINAL PHILLIPS CURVE The Keynesian policy of demand-management unraveled with the attack on the Phillips Curve by Milton Friedman of Chicago University. In a single lecture in 1 968, he demolished Phillips Curve Keynesian and started the monetarist counter-revolution.Adaptive Expectations Friedman restated the pre-Keynesian idea that there was a unique equilibrium rate of unemployment which he called the ‘natural rate'. Inflation was caused by government attempts to reduce unemployment below the natural rate by increasing the amount of money in the economy. Friedman accepted that there was a trade-off between inflation and unemployment, but that it was temporary, and existed only because workers were fooled into accepting lower real wages than they wanted by not taking into account the rise in prices.But if government repeatedly resorted to monetary expansion (for example by running budget deficits) in order to educe unemployment below its ‘natural' rate, this ‘money illusion' would disappear and workers would put in increased wage demands to match the now expected rise in prices. In short, after a time workers developed inflationary expectations: they built the expected inflation into their wage bargaining. One could not use the Phillips Curve to control inflation in the long run since the Curve itself shifted due to the level of inflation rising. SLIDE 4.FRIEDMAN'S EXPECTATIONS AUGMENTED PHILLIPS CURVE SLIDE 5. One simple version of adaptive expectations is stated in the following equation, where pee is the next year's rate of inflation that is currently expected; p-Eel is this year's rate of inflation that was expected last year; and p is this year's actual rate of inflation: where is between O and 1. This says that current expectations of future inflation reflect past expectations and an â€Å"error-adjustment† term, in which current expectations are raised (or lowered) according to the gap between actual inflation and previous expectations.This error-adjustment is also called â€Å"partial adjustment. † Friedman's work had huge anti-Keynesian policy implications. The five main Ones Were: First, macro-policy can influence nominal, but not real variables: the price level, not the employment or output level. Second, Friedman re-stated the Quantity Theory of Money, the theory that prices (or no minal incomes) change proportionally with the quantity of money. Conversely, fiscal ‘fine tuning' operates with ‘long and variable lags': it is liable to land the economy in the wrong place at the wrong time.Consequently, such stabilization as was needed is much better done by monetary policy than fiscal policy. It lies within the power of the central bank, but not the Treasury, to keep nominal income stable. Provided the government kept money supply growing in line with productivity there would be no inflation, and economies would normally be at their ‘natural rate' of unemployment. Third, Friedman argued that ‘inflation was always and only a monetary phenomenon'.It was the total money supply in the economy which determined the general price level; cost pressures were not independent sources of inflation; they had to be validated by an accommodating monetary policy to be able to get away with a mark-up based price determination strategy; Fourth, Friedman's p ermanent income hypothesis -dating from the early 9505 -suggested that it is households' average long-run income (permanent income) that is likely to determine total demand for consumer spending, rather than fluctuation in their current disposable income, as suggested by the Keynesian consumption function.The reason for this is that agents Want smooth consumption paths. This implied that the degree of self-stabilization of the economy was greater than Keynes suggested, and that consequently multipliers were smaller. Keynesian tried to fight the monetarist onslaught by strengthening Keynesian micro-foundations, especially of observed nominal rigidities. They plopped models with ;menu costs', ‘insider-outsider' labor markets, ‘asymmetric information'. These kept the door open for policy interventions to sustain aggregate demand. Nevertheless, Friedman's impact on macro-policy was swift and decisive.SLIDE 6 ‘We used to think that you could spend your way out of a rece ssion, and increase employment by cutting taxes and boosting Government spending. Tell you in all candor that that option no longer exists, and that in so far as it ever did exist, it only worked on each occasion since the war by injecting a bigger dose of inflation into the economy, followed by a higher level of employment as the next step'. Prime Minister James Callaghan (1976), Leader's speech, Blackball ‘The conquest of inflation should be the objective of macroeconomic policy.And the creation Of conditions conducive to growth and employment should be the objective of microeconomic policy'. Chancellor of Exchequer Engel Lawson (1 984), Mass Lecture Discretionary demand-management was out; balanced budgets were back. The unemployment target was replaced by an inflation target. The ;natural' rate of unemployment was to be lowered by supply-side policies, which included legislative curbs on trade unions. V. RATIONAL EXPECTATIONS AND THE NEW CLASSICAL ECONOMICS With rational e xpectations we enter the world of New Classical Economics. RE is the ‘radical wing of monetarism†¦ Est. known for the startling policy conclusion †¦ that macro-economic policies, both monetary and fiscal, are ineffective, even in the short-run'4. Rational expectations first appeared in the economic theory literature in a famous article by J. Mouth in 1961, but only filtered through to policy discussion in the early 1 sass with the work of Robert Lucas and Thomas Sergeant on business cycles, and Eugene Fame on financial markets. The Lucas critique Of adaptive expectations (1976) put paid to the idea Of an exploitable trade-off between employment and inflation.Friedman's adaptive expectations rely on gradual adjustment of expectations to the experienced behavior of a variable. But our knowledge includes not just what we have experienced but current pronouncements of public authorities and theoretical knowledge of aggregate relationships. For example, the Minister of Fi nance announces that he will increase money supply by 10% a year to stimulate employment. STEM tells us that an increase in the money supply will ease prices proportionately. So it is rational to expect inflation to be a year.All nominal values -interest rates, wage rates- are instantly adjusted to the expected rate of inflation. There is not even a brief interval of higher employment. Friedman's distinction between a Keynesian short run in which agents can be fooled and a Classical long run in which they know what to expect disappears. Adaptive behavior is a description of irrational behavior if agents know what to expect already. Notice though that in this example, rational expectations is defined as belief in the STEM.SLIDE 7 Expectations, since they are informed predictions of future events are essentially the same as the predictions of the relevant economic theory†¦ Expectations of firms (or more generally, the subjective probability distribution of outcomes) tend to be di stributed for the same information set, about the prediction Of the theory (or the ‘objective' probability distribution Of outcomes)' (G. K Shaw (1 984), 56) Formally, the rational expectations hypothesis (ERE) says that agents optimally utilities all available information about the economy and policy to construct their expectations.As such, such they have ‘rational' expectations. They are also rational in that they use their expectations to maximize their utility or profits. This does not imply that agents never make mistakes; agents may make mistakes on occasion. However, all that is there to be learnt has already been learnt, mistakes are assumed to be random, so that agents are correct on average. Agents learn the true value of parameters through repeated application of Bases' theorem. Eel they turn their subjective bets into objective probability distributions.An equivalent statement is that agents â€Å"behave in says consistent with the models that predict how th ey will behave†6. Since the models contain all the available information, ii. They are rational expectations models, following the model minimizes the possibility of making expectation errors. At the core of the rational expectations hypothesis is the assumption that the model of the economy used by individuals in making their forecasts is the correct one -that is, that the economy behaves in a way predicted by the model.The math is simplified by the device of the Representative Agent, the sum of all agents, possessed of identical information and utility preferences. This micro-economic device means that the framework can be used to analyses the impact of policies on aggregate welfare, as welfare is the utility of the agents. The implication of the ERE is that outcomes will not differ systematically from what people expect them to be. If we take the price level, for instance, we can write: SLIDE 8 This says that the price level will only differ from the expectation if there is a surprise.So ex ante, the price anticipated is equal to the expectation. [E[P] is the rational expectation based on all information up to date; is the error ERM, which has an expected value of zero, and is independent of the expectation. With rational expectations the Phillips Curve is vertical in the short-run and in the long-run. SLIDE 9. THE SERGEANT-LUCAS PHILLIPS CURVE. With rational expectations, government action can affect real variables only by surprise. Otherwise they will be fully anticipated. This rules out any fiscal or monetary intervention designed to improve an existing equilibrium.More generally ‘any portion Of policy that is a response to publicly available information -such as the unemployment rate or the index of leading indicators -is irrelevant to the real economy' 7. Policy can influence real variables only by using information not known to the public. The Efficient Market Hypothesis The application of rational expectations to financial markets is know n as the â€Å"Efficient Market Hypothesis† (MME), made popular by Eugene Fame (1970, 1976). The MME postulates that shares are always correctly priced on average because they adjust instantaneously and accurately to any newly released information.In the words of Fame, â€Å"l take the market efficiency hypothesis to be the simple statement that security prices fully reflect all available information† 8. So prices can't be wrong because if they were, someone would seek to profit from the error and correct it. It follows that according to the efficient market hypothesis, it is impossible to consistently achieve returns in excess of average market returns (beat the market). In an RE joke, two economists spot a $10 bill on the ground. One stoops to pick it up, whereupon the other interjects, ‘Don't.If it were really $1 0, it wouldn't be there anymore. † The efficient market hypothesis is the modern manifestation of Adam Smith's ‘invisible hand'. Increase d regulation can only aka markets less efficient because regulators have less information than those engaged in the market, risking their own money. There are different versions of the efficient market hypothesis. In its ‘weak' form, investors make predictions about current prices only using historical information about past prices (like in adaptive expectations).In its ‘semi-strong' form, investors take into account all publicly available information, including past-prices. (This is the most ‘accurate' and the closest to rational expectations). In its ‘strong' form, investors take into account all information that can possibly be known, including insider information. Rational expectations models rely heavily on math. Lucas defined expectations as the mean Of a distribution of a random variable. The greater the number of observations of a random variable, the more likely it is to have a bell shaped or Normal distribution.The mean of the distribution, in ordin ary parlance the average of the observations, is called the Expectation of the distribution. In the bell-shaped distribution, it coincides with the peak of the bell. Those who are supposed to hold Rational Expectations (ii all of us) are assumed to know how the systematic parts of he model determine a price. We use that knowledge to generate our prediction. This will be correct except for random influences. We can assume that such random events will also adhere to the bell-shaped distribution and that their mean/expectation will be zero.Thus the systematic or deterministic prediction based on theory is always correct. Errors have zero expectation. The tendency of the MME, as is readily seen, is to rule out, or minimize, the possibility Of bubbles -and therefore crashes; more generally to rule out the possibility of crises being generated within the financial system: historically he most important source of crises. This being so, policy did not have to pay much attention to banks. Fo llowing the acceptance of the MME, the financial system was extensively De-regulated.Real Business cycle DOGS DOGS modeling takes root in New Classical macroeconomics, where the works of Lucas (1975), Jutland and Prescott (1982), and Long and Peoples (1983) were most prominent. The earlier DOGS models were pure real business cycle (RIB) models. ii models that attempted to explain business cycles in terms of real productivity or consumption shocks, abstracting from money. The logic behind RIB models is clear. If money cannot affect real variables, the source of any disturbance to the real economy must be non-monetary.If we are all modeled as having rational expectations, business fluctuations must be caused by ‘real' and ‘unanticipated' ‘shocks'. (Notice the use of word ‘shock'). These shocks make the economy dynamic and stochastic. Unemployment is explained in these models by rational adjustments by workers of their work/leisure trade off to shifts in product ivity. This is a fancy way of saying that there is never any unemployment. As a result of continuously re-optimizing agents, economies in DOGS models re always in some form of equilibrium, whether in the short run or long run.The economy always starts from an equilibrium position, and even when there is a shock, it immediately jumps onto an equilibrium time path – the saddle path. So the economy never finds itself in a position of disequilibrium. SLIDE 10 ‘The model provides an example of an economy where real shocks drive output movements. Because the economy is Wallabies, the movements are the optimal response to the shocks. Thus, contrary to the conventional wisdom about macroeconomic fluctuations, here fluctuations do not reflect NY market failures, and government interventions to mitigate them can only reduce welfare.In short, the implication of real-business cycle models, in their strongest form, is that observed aggregate output movements represent the time-varyi ng Parent optimum'. (Roomer (2011 ) â€Å"Advanced Macroeconomics†, 204) Translated into English: depressions are optimal; any attempt to mitigate them will only make things worse. Later came the New Keynesian who preserved the basic framework of the New Classical RIB/DOGS models, but added ‘market frictions', like monopolistic competition and nominal rigidities, to make the models more applicable to the real world. Critiques: 1 .The fundamental criticism is that this whole class of New Classical models carries an intellectual theorem -that agents are rational optimizers – to an extreme and absurd conclusion. By postulating complete information and complete markets, ii. By abolishing Keynesian or Knighting uncertainty, they cut off enquiry into what might be rational behavior under uncertainty -such as ‘herd behavior'. They also exclude irrational expectations. Behavioral economics only really took off after the crisis. 2. The aim of New Classical economics was to unify macro and micro by giving macro-economic secure micro-foundations.Macroeconomic models should be based on optimization by firms and consumers. But New Classical models are not well grounded in micro-economics since their account of human behavior is seriously incomplete. 3. Ay defining rational as the mean of a random distribution, the New Classical models rule out as too exceptional to worry about ‘fat tails' – that is extreme events with disproportionately large consequences. 4. The vast majority of DOGS models utilities log-landslides utility functions which eliminate the possibility of multiple equilibrium. 1 5. New Classical models have no place for money, and therefore for money hoarding, which depends on uncertainty. In pure DOGS models there is no financial sector. DOGS models depend on what Goodhearted calls the ‘transversally condition', which says that â€Å"by the end of the day, or when the model stops, all agents shall have repaid all their debts, including all the interest owed, with certainty. In other words, when a person dies he/she has zero assets left' 12. Defaults cannot happen. This is another kind of logical madness.